Oh and Let studied the surface tension of palm oil. Surface tension is well-known as a direct variation in temperature. The appropriate surface tension in the oil is well-known as necessary for the design of experimental tools, equipment, and transport processes, respectively. Surface tension is one of the important physical properties of biodiesel that directly affects the combustion of the injector in the diesel engine. The liquid molecules are attracted to each other and exert a net force pulling themselves together. Surface tension is the cohesive interaction between the molecules in the liquid phase. However, the use of this fuel is needed to consider its fuel properties as per the previous fuel properties improvement for example iodine value, saponification, viscosity, density, and surface tension. In the past, vegetable oils have been used in several applications (i.e., direct-used vegetable oil in low-speed diesel engines, biodiesel, and biodiesel from the hydrogenation process (H-FAMES)). Thus, the trend of fuel properties improvement was focused on in many research. This reason demonstrates the significant effect of raw material vegetable oils and other chemical compounds on fuel properties. , solubilization and fuel properties in the blends of alcohols and vegetable oils were studied in order to improve engine performance. Many research attempt to apply vegetable oils in the form of blending fuel such as the use of soybean oil, rapeseed oil, palm oil, and palm kernel oil with a combining of alcohols and several cosolvents, as reported by Jin et al. Moreover, the energy content of vegetable oils is also close to diesel fuel which leads to using vegetable oils in the engine. Moreover, the by-product and waste residual from any industry can add value by using it as the main raw material for the alternative energy industry. For example, a large amount of palm productivity in Asia leads to the use of palm oil as industrial raw material. Vegetable oil feedstocks for the industrial plant are generally applied following the agricultural potential in each topography. The chemical composition of this oil consists of triacylglycerol (almost 95%) and diacylglycerol (approximately 5%) which is suitable for a cooking ingredient and widely used as an alternative fuel in the energy industry. Vegetable oil is an extracted plant oil which commonly in liquid form. However, the proposed model indicates the use of a combination between molecule structure and thermodynamic parameters by its model mismatch reduction and proves to be a handle for precisely predicting surface tension in the case of vegetable oil. The comparison results of the predictive model show the acceptable predicting value in all predictive models, with an overall average absolute deviation (%AAD) of 0.38% for the proposed model, 2.28% for the Eliezer model, and 2.74% with the Esteban model at 293.15 K, while the overall %AAD at 313.15 K presents 0.21% for the proposed model and 9.08% with the Parachor model. Three common regression models such as the Parachor model and two literature physical relation models are used as the comparative model at 293.15 K and 313.15 K, respectively. The proposed model is formulated by the concept of the Gibbs energy additivity method (GEAM) which apply two properties of oils composition such as the number of carbon atoms ( z) and the number of double bonds ( n d) of fatty acid at various temperatures to predict surface tension through the regression model. The six economic saturated/unsaturated vegetable oil samples (rapeseed, sunflower, soybean, palm, corn, and grapeseed oil) are used as the comparison cases for the predictive model of surface tension. Therefore, this research focuses on the predictive model of fuel oil surface tension through the outstanding alternative fuel for combustion engines such as vegetable oil which is biodegradable, less toxic, has potential in domestic production, and has energy content close to diesel fuel. The surface tension of fuel oil is one important property of the engine combustion process which is correlative to other oil physical and chemical properties.
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